<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" height=82 BGCOLOR="#999980" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Verdana" ><B>High Culture</B></FONT><B>     </B><B>|</B><B>   </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Verdana" ><B>  </B><A HREF="index.html" TARGET="_top" TITLE="High Culture"><U><B>home</B></U></A></FONT></div> <div>                                                   </div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" height=398 BGCOLOR="#CCCC99" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="07702b03.gif"> <div> <I>Selected Quotes on the African Background of Old Africa / Kmt/ Egypt / Nubia</I></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="606" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF HEIGHT= 3075 WIDTH="596"><div> Karl Butzer has estimated that two areas of greatest population</div> <div> denisty in dyanstic times were between Luxor{Waset} and Aswan</div> <div> {Elephantine} at the first cataract,and from Medium at the fayum</div> <div> entrance northwards to the apex of the Delta.</div> <bR> <div> IN between was Middle Egypt,a geogrpahic buffer zone with a lower</div> <div> population density. <B>It is worth bearing in mind that the total</B></div> <div> <B>population of egypt at the time the Giza pyramids were built is</B></div> <div> <B>estimated to have been 1.6 million,compared with 58 million in Ad</B></div> <div> <B>1995.</B></div> <bR> <div> Mark Lehner, Page 7.</div> <div> The Complete Pyramids</div> <bR> <div> <B>Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: a comparative study using principal components analysis.</B></div> <bR> <div> Keita SO.</div> <bR> <div> National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Anthropology Department, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC 20060, USA.</div> <bR> <div> A principal components analysis was carried out on male crania from the northeast quadrant of Africa and selected European and other African series. Individuals, not predefined groups, were the units of study, while nevertheless keeping group membership in evidence. The first principal component seems to largely capture "size" variation in crania from all of the regions. The same general morphometric trends were found to exist within the African and European crania, although there was some broad separation along a cline. Anatomically, the second principal component captures predominant trends denoting a broader to narrower nasal aperture combined with a similar shape change in the maxilla, an inverse relation between face-base lengths ("projection") and base breadths, and a decrease in anterior base length relative to base breadth. The third principal component broadly describes trends within Africa and Europe: specifically, a change from a combination of a relatively narrower face and longer vault, to one of a wider face and shorter vault; it shows the northeast quadrant Africans along a cline with the other Africans. Stated in relative terms, the northeastern Africans tend to exhibit narrower bases in relationship to more projecting faces, and broader nasal areas than Europeans, although there is range of variation. Relative to the other African groups, they have narrower nasal areas and narrower faces in relationship to vault length. The crania from the northeast quadrant of Africa collectively demonstrate the greatest pattern of overlap with both Europeans and other Africans. Variation was found to be high in all series but greatest in the African material as a whole. Individuals from different geographical regions frequently plotted near each other, revealing aspects of variation at the level of individuals that is obscured by concentrating on the most distinctive facial traits once used to construct "types." The high level of African interindividual variation in craniometric pattern is reminiscent of the great level of molecular diversity found in Africa. These results, coupled with those of Y chromosome studies, may help generate hypotheses concerning the length of time over which recent craniometric variation emerged in Africa.</div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15495230" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query"><U>Am J Hum Biol. 2004 Nov-Dec;16(6):679-89.</U></A></div> <div> ____________________________________________________________</div> <div> <B>Concordance of cranial and dental morphological traits and evidence for endogamy in ancient Egypt.</B></div> <bR> <div> Prowse TL, Lovell NC.Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</div> <bR> <div> A biological affinities study based on frequencies of cranial nonmetric traits in skeletal samples from three cemeteries at predynastic Naqada, Egypt, confirms the results of a recent nonmetric dental morphological analysis. Both cranial and dental traits analyses indicate that the individuals buried in a cemetery characterized archaeologically as high status are significantly different from individuals buried in two other, apparently nonelite cemeteries and that the nonelite samples are not significantly different from each other. A comparison with neighbouring Nile Valley skeletal samples suggests that the high status cemetery represents an endogamous ruling or elite segment of the local population at Naqada, <B>which is more closely related to populations in northern Nubia than to neighbouring populations in southern Egypt.</B></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8893087" TARGET="_blank" TITLE="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query"><U>-Am J Phys Anthropol. 1996 Oct;101(2):237-46.</U></A></div> <div> ____________________________________________________________</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="0e612a80.jpg" border=0 width="274" height="168" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Am J Hum Biol. 2004 Nov-Dec;16(6):679-89.</B></div> <div> Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the</div> <div> individual level: A comparative study using principal components analysis.</div> <bR> <div> Keita SO.</div> <bR> <div> National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Anthropology</div> <div> Department, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC 20060.</div> <bR> <div> A principal components analysis was carried out on male crania from</div> <div> the northeast quadrant of Africa and selected European and other</div> <div> African series. Individuals, not predefined groups, were the units of</div> <div> study, while nevertheless keeping group membership in evidence. The</div> <div> first principal component seems to largely capture "size" variation in</div> <div> crania from all of the regions. The same general morphometric trends</div> <div> were found to exist within the African and European crania, although</div> <div> there was some broad separation along a cline. Anatomically, the</div> <div> second principal component captures predominant trends denoting a</div> <div> broader to narrower nasal aperture combined with a similar shape</div> <div> change in the maxilla, an inverse relation between face-base lengths</div> <div> ("projection") and base breadths, and a decrease in anterior base</div> <div> length relative to base breadth. The third principal component broadly</div> <div> describes trends within Africa and Europe: specifically, a change from</div> <div> a combination of a relatively narrower face and longer vault, to one</div> <div> of a wider face and shorter vault; it shows the northeast quadrant</div> <div> Africans along a cline with the other Africans. Stated in relative</div> <div> terms, the northeastern Africans tend to exhibit narrower bases in</div> <div> relationship to more projecting faces, and broader nasal areas than</div> <div> Europeans, although there is range of variation. Relative to the other</div> <div> African groups, they have narrower nasal areas and narrower faces in</div> <div> relationship to vault length. The crania from the northeast quadrant</div> <div> of Africa collectively demonstrate the greatest pattern of overlap</div> <div> with both Europeans and other Africans. Variation was found to be high</div> <div> in all series but greatest in the African material as a whole.</div> <div> Individuals from different geographical regions frequently plotted</div> <div> near each other, revealing aspects of variation at the level of</div> <div> individuals that is obscured by concentrating on the most distinctive</div> <div> facial traits once used to construct "types." The high level of</div> <div> African interindividual variation in craniometric pattern is</div> <div> reminiscent of the great level of molecular diversity found in Africa.</div> <div> These results, coupled with those of Y chromosome studies, may help</div> <div> generate hypotheses concerning the length of time over which recent</div> <div> craniometric variation emerged in Africa. </div> <bR> <div> <I>Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:679-689, 2004. (c) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</I></div> <div> ____________________________________________________________</div> <bR> <div> <B>Am J Hum Biol. 2004 Nov-Dec;16(6):679-89.</B></div> <div> <I>Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: A comparative study using principal components analysis.</I></div> <div> <I>Keita SO.</I></div> <bR> <div> National Human Genome Center at Howard University, Anthropology</div> <div> Department, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC 20060.</div> <bR> <div> "Lower Egypt most certainly has been the recipient of immigrants in</div> <div> ancient as well as more recent times (Lucotte and Mercier 2003). The</div> <div> delta region of Egypt has been impacted by European (Graeco-Roman) and</div> <div> Near Eastern peoples, the latter apparently PRIMARILY during the</div> <div> Islamic and NOT Neolithic period (Nebel et al. 2002). It is important</div> <div> to say that the indigenous northern Egyptians, while adjacent to the</div> <div> Libyco-Berber region, cannot simply be called "Berbers". <B>The Y</B></div> <div> <B>Chromosome data suggest that the ORIGINAL Egyptian Nile Valley</B></div> <div> <B>population cannot be treated analytically as "Berber</B>", thereby in</div> <div> effect negating the disticntiveness and identity of the CORE</div> <div> indigenous ancient Nile Valley populations (see, e.g., Harich et al.,</div> <div> 2002; Luis et al., 2004; Herrera et al., 2004, for a description of</div> <div> "Egyptians" as merely being an "Arab"-"Berber" admixture/composite,</div> <div> without a discussion of the indigenous Nile Valley population).</div> <bR> <div> <I>Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:679-689, 2004. (c) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</I></div> <div> ____________________________________________________________</div> <div> <IMG SRC="018c8c80.jpg" border=0 width="200" height="200" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> (Fulbe women)</div> <div> Since the Egyptians always painted themselves red on their monuments, partisans of the "southern origin" had to point out a great number of interesting peculiarities likely to help solve the ethno-graphical problem. Near the Upper Nile today, among the Fulbe, whose skin is quite yellow, those whom contemporaries consider as belonging to a pure race, are rather red; the Bisharin are exactly of the same brick-red shade used on Egyptian monuments. To other ethnographers, these "red men" would probably be Ethiopians modified by time and climate, or perhaps Negroes who have reached the halfway mark in the evolution from blackness to whiteness. It has been noted that, in limestone areas, the Negro is less black than in granitic and plutonic regions. It has even been thought that the hue changed with the season. Thus, Nubians were former Blacks, but only in skin color, while their osteology has remained absolutely Negritic. The Negroes represented on Pharaonic paintings, so clearly deline- ated by engravers and named Nahasou or Nahasiou in the hiero- glyphics, are not related to the Ethiopians, the first people to come down into Egypt. Were the latter then attenuated Negroes, Nubians? Lepsius's canon gives ... the proportions of the perfect Egyptian body; it has short arms and is Negroid or Negritian. From the anthropological point of view, the Egyptian comes after the Polynesians, Samoyeds, Europeans, and is immediately fol- lowed by African Negroes and Tasmanians. Besides, there is a scientific tendency to find in Africa, after excluding foreign influences, from the Mediterranean to the Cape, from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, nothing but Negroes or Negroids of various colors. The ancient Egyptians were Negroes, but Negroes to the last degree.</div> <bR> <div> Marius Fontanes, <I>Les Egyptes</I> (de 5000 a715). Paris: Ed. Lemerre, n.d., pp 44-45.} </div> <div> ____________________________________________________________</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>